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Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forced displacement: IHL vulnerabilities, ICC possibilities
DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY
This project seeks to better understand the humanitarian impact of continued forcible transfer of the Bedouin communities living in E1, Jerusalem, and how impunity for violations of international law contributes to the deterioration of humanitarian vulnerabilities. Through qualitative enquiry, combining desk based research and first hand semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, the project will gather together a significant body of evidence to highlight to ongoing deleterious impact of repeated violations of IHL (and impunity for violations) on those living at the sharp edge of the situation in Israel-Palestine, namely the Bedouin communities of E1. In their 2017 report, Humanitarian Facts and Figures: Occupied Palestinian Territory, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted that forced displacement is listed as one of the four key drivers of humanitarian vulnerability. The report highlighted that, "between 2009 and 2016, Israeli authorities demolished or seized over 4,800 Palestinian-owned structures in the West Bank, mostly in Area C and East Jerusalem". It further indicated that "46 Palestinian Bedouin communities in the central West Bank, home to some 8,000 Palestinians, the majority registered Palestine refugees, have been targeted by the Israeli authorities for "relocation" to a number of designated sites". The expansion of Israeli settlements, considered illegal and condemned as a "flagrant violation under international law" by UN Security Council resolution 2334 of 2016, has been a driver for confiscation of Palestinian private and public land, demolition of homes (including Bedouin shacks) and repeated displacement of Palestinian civilians. The confiscation and demolition of property in Bedouin villages, and the ensuing forcible transfer/relocation of these vulnerable communities, is recognised as a violation of IHL and human rights by the UN, EU and other international actors. Forced displacement of civilians in an occupied territory is also considered a crime under International Criminal Law. The planned expansion of the 'Ma'ale Adumim' settlement block east of Jerusalem is exacerbating the humanitarian vulnerabilities of the Bedouin and herder communities in the E1 area. Bedouin communities such as those residing in Abu Al-Nuwwar, Wadi Abu Hindi, Al Khan Al-Ahmar, Jabal Al-Baba and Sath Al Bahar are at the front line of defence for resisting Israeli settlement expansion, thus ensuring Palestinian access to Jerusalem. This scenario does not just affect individual Bedouin villages at risk of demolition and transfer, but carries grave implications for the broader Israeli-Palestinian situation. Thus, Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forcible transfer have, unintentionally, become key players in the regional context, whilst simultaneously facing unique humanitarian vulnerabilities that must be better understood. A number of Israeli policies and practices in those areas, including a restrictive permit and planning regime, demolitions and threats of demolitions of property and the active promotion of relocation plans all contribute to the coercive environment, "which generates pressure on Palestinians to leave their communities". In the Israeli-Palestinian context, impunity for violations of international law, including IHL, has been recognised as a "driver of conflict". In espousing the benefits of holding violators of IHL to account, it has been noted that, "effective accountability not only ensures that perpetrators are brought to justice, but also ensures that victims have access to remedies and serves to deter future violations and to try to repair the harm suffered." As such, it is vital to understand the impact of violations of IHL on the Bedouin and herder communities in Palestine, and engage with the ICC's work. This project will work fill this gap, and produce an edited book and policy report.
Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration Programme (GCP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration Programme (GCP) seeks to strengthen the multilateral architecture of migration and displacement management by supporting instruments that put into practice the objectives of the Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees. Primary activities will be the funding of two Multi-Partner Trust Funds – one focusing on interventions to promote safer, more orderly, and regular migration. The second will support inclusion of refugee children into national education systems. This development-led approach to displacement is more sustainable than indefinite humanitarian responses. It will provide refugee children better long-term opportunities and support their families to remain where they are currently hosted. The programme is also designed to fund a range of activities aimed at implementing UK pledges made at the 2023 Global Refugee Forum.
Building Peace and Security in Iraq (BPSI)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
This programme builds upon the UK’s previous humanitarian support in Iraq, whilst taking a new approach to programming and advocacy. At the local level, BPSI will support up to five local communities in the conflict-affected governorates of Ninewa, Anbar, Salah al-Din, Diyala, and Kirkuk. A consortium of Iraqi NGOs and the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) will address specific barriers preventing IDPs from reintegrating, such as housing, civil documentation, services and community grievances. Third Party Monitoring (TPM) will provide additional oversight and assurance. BPSI will support annually approximately 15,000 IDPs with documentation, legal assistance and services; 20 community rehabilitation projects to improve local infrastructure; and 10 social cohesion and peacebuilding activities to improve host community acceptance of IDPs. A focus will be given to supporting female headed IDP households.
Building Resilience and an Effective Emergency Refugee Response (BRAER)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The programme will provide emergency life-saving assistance to the large influxes of refugees arriving in Uganda, build resilience among refugees and their host communities to reduce Uganda’s humanitarian burden, and deliver on UK Humanitarian Reform priorities. It will support the UK in its leadership role to develop new approaches to protracted crises and in delivering on the New York Declaration’s Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, with regional and global impact.
Ukraine Humanitarian Response Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
This programme supports life-saving interventions and protection for vulnerable people, including women and children, refugees and those internally displaced within Ukraine. This multi-sectoral programme supports a range of partner interventions in cash/food, medical, water and hygiene, education and shelter support, logistics, and gender-based violence, protection and anti-trafficking. This programme also provides in-kind items to partner governments, and contracts humanitarian expertise to enable an effective response and push for sufficient humanitarian access.
South Sudan Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience Programme (SSHARP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
This Programme will save lives and alleviate poverty through providing live saving humanitarian assistance, strengthen protection and promote access to basic services to conflict affected population, rebuild resilience and protect the most vulnerable people particularly women, girls and people living with disability.
Climate Resilience in the Sahel Programme (CRiSP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
CRiSP will help vulnerable people in protracted crisis live a dignified life in displacement and be less reliant on humanitarian assistance. It will achieve this through 1) improving short-term food and nutrition security for refugees, returnees and host communities in protracted crises in the Sahel, 2) increasing household resilience to crises and shocks through rehabilitated and better managed ecosystems, and 3) building local capacity and generating evidence and lessons learnt on resilience programming in humanitarian contexts. The programme will support the World Food Programme (WFP)’s Sahel Integrated Resilience programmes. It will ensure critical short-term interventions required to help vulnerable communities support efforts to build systemic resilience over the short, medium and long terms.
International Returns & Reintegration Assistance (IRARA) Reintegration Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
IRARA to provide to individuals returning from the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) to Sri Lanka. This project will see returnees be provided accommodation, access to education and healthcare as well as help with reintegration within society as necessary.
North Africa Migration and Development (NAMAD)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The North Africa Migration and Development Programme aims to support vulnerable migrants, refugees, and host communities in North Africa to harness migration as a tool for development, to protect vulnerable people and to disincentivise onward, irregular migration.
SAHAKARYA - promoting collaboration and democratic accountability to strengthen federalism in Nepal
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
Focus on democratic governance and building federal and sub-national institutions, strong foundations for federalism and democratic governance by building a capable, accountable, and inclusive state that delivers for the people; resolve critical political and governance barriers to stability, growth, and service delivery; protecting civic space and human rights, especially for women and marginalized groups.
Better Regional Migration Management
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To maximise the socio economic benefits of regular migration in East Africa through improved migration management and to better understand the impact of regular migration on countries of origin.
Support to Social Protection Programme 2 (SSPP2)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To support the Government of Mozambique to develop a bigger, better and more shock responsive social protection system. SSPP2 will help poor and vulnerable people meet their basic needs and cope better with crises through social protection. It will expand the Government of Mozambique’s social protection programmes to deliver more cash transfers to the most vulnerable. It will provide technical assistance to improve social protection programme delivery and value for money, making government programmes more efficient, effective and equitable. It will develop government capacity to respond to crises quickly and effectively through the national social protection system. The programme will leverage additional donor and government resources of about £70m per year. Ultimately, SSPP2 will support the creation of a sustainable, nationally owned system to redistribute revenues from gas that Mozambique is expected to start earning in the next decade.
Modern Slavery - Supporting Global Action to End Modern Slavery
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To develop new approaches to tackle modern slavery and human trafficking across a range of sectors in high prevalence countries. This programme focuses on thematic priorities of eradicating forced labour in supply chains, tackling the worst forms of child labour, and ending the exploitation of women and girls, and it will support and empower survivors of modern slavery across all these priorities. The programme supports bilateral programmes in high prevalence countries and contributes to multilateral organisations on global policy and advocacy work. The programme will also develop research and evidence on different forms of modern slavery to inform future interventions. This programme contributes toward SDG 8.7 to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour.
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
Jordan Compact Economic Opportunities Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To promote economic development and opportunities in Jordan for the benefit of both Jordanians and Syrian refugees. This programme will attract new inward investment and open up economic markets for Jordanian goods and services, creating new jobs for Jordanians and Syrian refugees as set out in the Jordan Compact. The programme will also help Jordanian hosts maintain their resilience and economic stability.
Tanzania Humanitarian Assistance Programme (THAP).
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Tanzania Humanitarian Assistance Programme (THAP) will support more effective and principled humanitarian action that meets the needs of refugees and asylum seekers in line with the UK commitments in the International Development Strategy. In the short term, programme will prioritise immediate needs of new arrivals and maintains appropriate cost-effective humanitarian protection assistance for the protracted refugee caseloads. THAP aims at a long-term approach towards policy changes through targeted policy advocacy, influencing and coordination.
Lebanon Humanitarian Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Lebanon Humanitarian Programme has three main objectives: i) address growing humanitarian needs across the country; ii) improve educational outcomes for the most vulnerable and marginalised out of school children in Lebanon; and iii) support more inclusive, sustainable, and accountable support systems for all vulnerable population groups. The LHP will provide critical and flexible humanitarian assistance to households across Lebanon, according to vulnerability rather than nationality. Recognising the need to ensure sustainability, the programme will also take a patient development approach as far as possible: providing technical assistance to support national systems and improve the efficiency of aid delivery.
Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience Programme ( HARP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
In line with the G7 Famine Prevention Compact, Nigeria’s Humanitarian and Resilience Programme (HARP) will provide life-saving support to the most vulnerable and strengthen resilience, opening pathways to livelihoods. HARP will enhance overall effectiveness of the UN-led humanitarian response, including a focus on building Nigerian ownership.
Mozambique Humanitarian Response Programme 2022-2027
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To provide lifesaving assistance to people in Mozambique affected by conflict and by climate disasters. MHRP is based on evidence of need and gaps across the humanitarian sector. It will reach 350,000 people with interventions in food security, nutrition, and protection. Additionally, MHRP will reach 100,000 people each year with prepositioning of emergency stocks to respond to climatic events.
Ethiopia Crises 2 Resilience (EC2R)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Ethiopia Crises to Resilience (EC2R) programme is aimed to alleviate the impact of the conflict and drought to the poorest Ethiopians. The programme tries to address urgent humanitarian needs while maintaining the delivery of essential services across the country.
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