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Mapping the Humanitarian Visa Policy in Brazil
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Humanitarian visas (HVs) are facilitated visas that allow people fleeing conflicts, persecutions and humanitarian emergencies to cross an international border safely and find physical and legal protection in another country. The academic literature is highly focused on the discretionary power of European Union countries in individually deciding about HVs and their pros and cons. However, the use of HVs in South-South corridors and its specific dynamics are still understudied. This study addresses this gap in the specific case of Latin America, where scholars have recognised how humanitarian visa policies lack a clear definition, to whom they are applied and how they impact other international protection systems, such as asylum. Most studies focus on HVs in the context of the Venezuelan displacement in the region or on individual HVs in Brazil. The country created its first HV program in 2012, later consolidated in its Migration Law in 2017. Until 2024, Brazil has granted HVs to four different groups: 1) Haitians; 2) people affected by the Syrian armed conflict; 3) Afghans and 4) Ukrainians. By looking at Brazilian stakeholders' perspectives, this study will contribute to better define humanitarian visas and evaluate related policies. This project aims to establish and consolidate a diverse and interdisciplinary network of collaborators to advance knowledge about HVs in Brazil in order to contribute to the conceptual debate and co-develop further research projects on the issue. We aim to answer the questions: How do different stakeholders perceive and evaluate Brazil's humanitarian visa (HV) policy? What can other countries learn from that? The core network will involve three Brazilian early career scholars working in Brazil and the United Kingdom. Through two project visits (one in Brazil and one in the UK), we will develop and consolidate a network with different stakeholders: Brazilian and international scholars (especially from the InterMob/UFSCar (Interdisciplinary group of migration and mobilities research, Brazil) and the Migration Research Group at the University of Sheffield, UK), the Brazilian government, national and international organisations and migrant-led organisations and activists in Brazil. The Brazilian visit will consist of one internal workshop at UFSCar with the core team that will lead to a first conceptual reflection on HVs from a Brazilian perspective. We will visit different partners in order to map the stakeholders involved in the HVs policies in Brazil and discuss next steps and collaborations. Such stakeholders will then be invited to a national forum in Sao Paulo to collect exploratory data to understand the Brazilian humanitarian visa definition, problems and possibilities. The UK visit will involve one final workshop in Sheffield to share the final report in Portuguese and English with the evaluation of the Brazilian HVs experience, policy recommendations and lessons. We will invite other UK researchers and networks involved in HVs discussions to promote Knowledge Exchange. This project co-designed as an equal partnership between the involved actors will allow us to a) contribute to define HVs from a Brazilian perspective b) build a sustainable network of academics, decision-makers and practitioners in Brazil and the UK and c) co-construct a collaborative research environment to apply for larger grant applications. Our project will benefit the different stakeholders by recognising their voices on the topic and will contribute to potentially improve HV policies for people in need of them.
Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forced displacement: IHL vulnerabilities, ICC possibilities
DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY
This project seeks to better understand the humanitarian impact of continued forcible transfer of the Bedouin communities living in E1, Jerusalem, and how impunity for violations of international law contributes to the deterioration of humanitarian vulnerabilities. Through qualitative enquiry, combining desk based research and first hand semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, the project will gather together a significant body of evidence to highlight to ongoing deleterious impact of repeated violations of IHL (and impunity for violations) on those living at the sharp edge of the situation in Israel-Palestine, namely the Bedouin communities of E1. In their 2017 report, Humanitarian Facts and Figures: Occupied Palestinian Territory, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted that forced displacement is listed as one of the four key drivers of humanitarian vulnerability. The report highlighted that, "between 2009 and 2016, Israeli authorities demolished or seized over 4,800 Palestinian-owned structures in the West Bank, mostly in Area C and East Jerusalem". It further indicated that "46 Palestinian Bedouin communities in the central West Bank, home to some 8,000 Palestinians, the majority registered Palestine refugees, have been targeted by the Israeli authorities for "relocation" to a number of designated sites". The expansion of Israeli settlements, considered illegal and condemned as a "flagrant violation under international law" by UN Security Council resolution 2334 of 2016, has been a driver for confiscation of Palestinian private and public land, demolition of homes (including Bedouin shacks) and repeated displacement of Palestinian civilians. The confiscation and demolition of property in Bedouin villages, and the ensuing forcible transfer/relocation of these vulnerable communities, is recognised as a violation of IHL and human rights by the UN, EU and other international actors. Forced displacement of civilians in an occupied territory is also considered a crime under International Criminal Law. The planned expansion of the 'Ma'ale Adumim' settlement block east of Jerusalem is exacerbating the humanitarian vulnerabilities of the Bedouin and herder communities in the E1 area. Bedouin communities such as those residing in Abu Al-Nuwwar, Wadi Abu Hindi, Al Khan Al-Ahmar, Jabal Al-Baba and Sath Al Bahar are at the front line of defence for resisting Israeli settlement expansion, thus ensuring Palestinian access to Jerusalem. This scenario does not just affect individual Bedouin villages at risk of demolition and transfer, but carries grave implications for the broader Israeli-Palestinian situation. Thus, Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forcible transfer have, unintentionally, become key players in the regional context, whilst simultaneously facing unique humanitarian vulnerabilities that must be better understood. A number of Israeli policies and practices in those areas, including a restrictive permit and planning regime, demolitions and threats of demolitions of property and the active promotion of relocation plans all contribute to the coercive environment, "which generates pressure on Palestinians to leave their communities". In the Israeli-Palestinian context, impunity for violations of international law, including IHL, has been recognised as a "driver of conflict". In espousing the benefits of holding violators of IHL to account, it has been noted that, "effective accountability not only ensures that perpetrators are brought to justice, but also ensures that victims have access to remedies and serves to deter future violations and to try to repair the harm suffered." As such, it is vital to understand the impact of violations of IHL on the Bedouin and herder communities in Palestine, and engage with the ICC's work. This project will work fill this gap, and produce an edited book and policy report.
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
Protecting Communities Programme (ProCom) Pakistan
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The programme is well aligned with the objectives for both UK and Pakistan that were agreed in the Letter of Intent signed between Pakistan and UK governments on the 30th May 2024. The programme reaffirms UK’s commitment to support Pakistan in tackling illegal migration and organised immigration crime, criminal Information Exchange, sex offender management and Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (CSEA) and critical crisis preparedness and management. All these activities are being designed and implemented in close coordination with the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and we are grateful for the support that the MOI has extended in this regard. We have a working group notarised by the Government of Pakistan with representation from FCDO and Additional Secretary Mol that oversees and agrees activities under the elements covered in the Letter of Intent.
European Union Emergency Trust Fund for stability and addressing root causes of irregular migration and displaced persons in Africa
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To work through the EU Emergency Trust Fund to promote stability in three regions of Africa and enable better migration management. This will be achieved by tackling the root causes of forced displacement and irregular migration through creating job opportunities, improving food security and access to health and education services. It will work to improve regional migration management processes including fighting human trafficking and other trans-border crimes, helping people return to their countries of origin and dealing with human rights abuses. This UK contribution will support programmes in development in the Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. This project was approved before the referendum on the UK’s membership of the EU. Work is now under way to understand the implications of leaving the EU for the UK’s development work.
Climate Resilience in the Sahel Programme (CRiSP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
CRiSP will help vulnerable people in protracted crisis live a dignified life in displacement and be less reliant on humanitarian assistance. It will achieve this through 1) improving short-term food and nutrition security for refugees, returnees and host communities in protracted crises in the Sahel, 2) increasing household resilience to crises and shocks through rehabilitated and better managed ecosystems, and 3) building local capacity and generating evidence and lessons learnt on resilience programming in humanitarian contexts. The programme will support the World Food Programme (WFP)’s Sahel Integrated Resilience programmes. It will ensure critical short-term interventions required to help vulnerable communities support efforts to build systemic resilience over the short, medium and long terms.
Jordan Compact Economic Opportunities Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To promote economic development and opportunities in Jordan for the benefit of both Jordanians and Syrian refugees. This programme will attract new inward investment and open up economic markets for Jordanian goods and services, creating new jobs for Jordanians and Syrian refugees as set out in the Jordan Compact. The programme will also help Jordanian hosts maintain their resilience and economic stability.
International Returns & Reintegration Assistance (IRARA) Reintegration Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
IRARA to provide to individuals returning from the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) to Sri Lanka. This project will see returnees be provided accommodation, access to education and healthcare as well as help with reintegration within society as necessary.
Kenya Integrated Refugee and Host Community Support Programme (PAMOJA)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To promote social and economic integration between approximately 400,000 refugees and 50,000 people living in host communities in Kenya by supporting the provision of basic humanitarian assistance and livelihood.
Support to Social Protection Programme 2 (SSPP2)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To support the Government of Mozambique to develop a bigger, better and more shock responsive social protection system. SSPP2 will help poor and vulnerable people meet their basic needs and cope better with crises through social protection. It will expand the Government of Mozambique’s social protection programmes to deliver more cash transfers to the most vulnerable. It will provide technical assistance to improve social protection programme delivery and value for money, making government programmes more efficient, effective and equitable. It will develop government capacity to respond to crises quickly and effectively through the national social protection system. The programme will leverage additional donor and government resources of about £70m per year. Ultimately, SSPP2 will support the creation of a sustainable, nationally owned system to redistribute revenues from gas that Mozambique is expected to start earning in the next decade.
Building Resilience and an Effective Emergency Refugee Response (BRAER)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The programme will provide emergency life-saving assistance to the large influxes of refugees arriving in Uganda, build resilience among refugees and their host communities to reduce Uganda’s humanitarian burden, and deliver on UK Humanitarian Reform priorities. It will support the UK in its leadership role to develop new approaches to protracted crises and in delivering on the New York Declaration’s Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, with regional and global impact.
North Africa Migration and Development (NAMAD)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The North Africa Migration and Development Programme aims to support vulnerable migrants, refugees, and host communities in North Africa to harness migration as a tool for development, to protect vulnerable people and to disincentivise onward, irregular migration. This programme is ODA eligible and compliant as activities are implemented in ODA eligible countries (Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt) and the ODA primary purpose test is met. The primary purpose of NAMAD is to protect vulnerable individuals and boost their economic development. Additionally, NAMAD also meets ODA migration requirements. Criterion 6 for ODA Migration programming relates to reintegration programmes. NAMAD is compliant with this ruling, as the primary focus of any reintegration activities for returned or returning migrants is their welfare and economic development.
Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration Programme (GCP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration Programme (GCP) seeks to strengthen the multilateral architecture of migration and displacement management by supporting instruments that put into practice the objectives of the Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees. Primary activities will be the funding of two Multi-Partner Trust Funds – one focusing on interventions to promote safer, more orderly, and regular migration. The second will support inclusion of refugee children into national education systems. This development-led approach to displacement is more sustainable than indefinite humanitarian responses. It will provide refugee children better long-term opportunities and support their families to remain where they are currently hosted. The programme is also designed to fund a range of activities aimed at implementing UK pledges made at the 2023 Global Refugee Forum.
Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience Programme ( HARP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
In line with the G7 Famine Prevention Compact, Nigeria’s Humanitarian and Resilience Programme (HARP) will provide life-saving support to the most vulnerable and strengthen resilience, opening pathways to livelihoods. HARP will enhance overall effectiveness of the UN-led humanitarian response, including a focus on building Nigerian ownership.
South Sudan Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience Programme (SSHARP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
This Programme will save lives and alleviate poverty through providing live saving humanitarian assistance, strengthen protection and promote access to basic services to conflict affected population, rebuild resilience and protect the most vulnerable people particularly women, girls and people living with disability.
Building Peace and Security in Iraq (BPSI)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
This programme builds upon the UK’s previous humanitarian support in Iraq, whilst taking a new approach to programming and advocacy. At the local level, BPSI will support up to five local communities in the conflict-affected governorates of Ninewa, Anbar, Salah al-Din, Diyala, and Kirkuk. A consortium of Iraqi NGOs and the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) will address specific barriers preventing IDPs from reintegrating, such as housing, civil documentation, services and community grievances. Third Party Monitoring (TPM) will provide additional oversight and assurance. BPSI will support annually approximately 15,000 IDPs with documentation, legal assistance and services; 20 community rehabilitation projects to improve local infrastructure; and 10 social cohesion and peacebuilding activities to improve host community acceptance of IDPs. A focus will be given to supporting female headed IDP households.
Better Regional Migration Management
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To maximise the socio economic benefits of regular migration in East Africa through improved migration management and to better understand the impact of regular migration on countries of origin.
Mozambique Humanitarian Response Programme 2022-2027
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To provide lifesaving assistance to people in Mozambique affected by conflict and by climate disasters. MHRP is based on evidence of need and gaps across the humanitarian sector. It will reach 350,000 people with interventions in food security, nutrition, and protection. Additionally, MHRP will reach 100,000 people each year with prepositioning of emergency stocks to respond to climatic events.
Tanzania Humanitarian Assistance Programme (THAP).
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Tanzania Humanitarian Assistance Programme (THAP) will support more effective and principled humanitarian action that meets the needs of refugees and asylum seekers in line with the UK commitments in the International Development Strategy. In the short term, programme will prioritise immediate needs of new arrivals and maintains appropriate cost-effective humanitarian protection assistance for the protracted refugee caseloads. THAP aims at a long-term approach towards policy changes through targeted policy advocacy, influencing and coordination.
Lebanon Humanitarian Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Lebanon Humanitarian Programme has three main objectives: i) address growing humanitarian needs across the country; ii) improve educational outcomes for the most vulnerable and marginalised out of school children in Lebanon; and iii) support more inclusive, sustainable, and accountable support systems for all vulnerable population groups. The LHP will provide critical and flexible humanitarian assistance to households across Lebanon, according to vulnerability rather than nationality. Recognising the need to ensure sustainability, the programme will also take a patient development approach as far as possible: providing technical assistance to support national systems and improve the efficiency of aid delivery.
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