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Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forced displacement: IHL vulnerabilities, ICC possibilities
DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY
This project seeks to better understand the humanitarian impact of continued forcible transfer of the Bedouin communities living in E1, Jerusalem, and how impunity for violations of international law contributes to the deterioration of humanitarian vulnerabilities. Through qualitative enquiry, combining desk based research and first hand semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, the project will gather together a significant body of evidence to highlight to ongoing deleterious impact of repeated violations of IHL (and impunity for violations) on those living at the sharp edge of the situation in Israel-Palestine, namely the Bedouin communities of E1. In their 2017 report, Humanitarian Facts and Figures: Occupied Palestinian Territory, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted that forced displacement is listed as one of the four key drivers of humanitarian vulnerability. The report highlighted that, "between 2009 and 2016, Israeli authorities demolished or seized over 4,800 Palestinian-owned structures in the West Bank, mostly in Area C and East Jerusalem". It further indicated that "46 Palestinian Bedouin communities in the central West Bank, home to some 8,000 Palestinians, the majority registered Palestine refugees, have been targeted by the Israeli authorities for "relocation" to a number of designated sites". The expansion of Israeli settlements, considered illegal and condemned as a "flagrant violation under international law" by UN Security Council resolution 2334 of 2016, has been a driver for confiscation of Palestinian private and public land, demolition of homes (including Bedouin shacks) and repeated displacement of Palestinian civilians. The confiscation and demolition of property in Bedouin villages, and the ensuing forcible transfer/relocation of these vulnerable communities, is recognised as a violation of IHL and human rights by the UN, EU and other international actors. Forced displacement of civilians in an occupied territory is also considered a crime under International Criminal Law. The planned expansion of the 'Ma'ale Adumim' settlement block east of Jerusalem is exacerbating the humanitarian vulnerabilities of the Bedouin and herder communities in the E1 area. Bedouin communities such as those residing in Abu Al-Nuwwar, Wadi Abu Hindi, Al Khan Al-Ahmar, Jabal Al-Baba and Sath Al Bahar are at the front line of defence for resisting Israeli settlement expansion, thus ensuring Palestinian access to Jerusalem. This scenario does not just affect individual Bedouin villages at risk of demolition and transfer, but carries grave implications for the broader Israeli-Palestinian situation. Thus, Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forcible transfer have, unintentionally, become key players in the regional context, whilst simultaneously facing unique humanitarian vulnerabilities that must be better understood. A number of Israeli policies and practices in those areas, including a restrictive permit and planning regime, demolitions and threats of demolitions of property and the active promotion of relocation plans all contribute to the coercive environment, "which generates pressure on Palestinians to leave their communities". In the Israeli-Palestinian context, impunity for violations of international law, including IHL, has been recognised as a "driver of conflict". In espousing the benefits of holding violators of IHL to account, it has been noted that, "effective accountability not only ensures that perpetrators are brought to justice, but also ensures that victims have access to remedies and serves to deter future violations and to try to repair the harm suffered." As such, it is vital to understand the impact of violations of IHL on the Bedouin and herder communities in Palestine, and engage with the ICC's work. This project will work fill this gap, and produce an edited book and policy report.
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
Citizen Engagement and Democracy Support Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To increase trust between government and civil society to deliver enhanced state accountability and responsiveness, resulting in better quality public services. The programme supports building the capcity of Civil Society Organisations through provision of grants and capacity building interventions.
North Africa Migration and Development (NAMAD)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The North Africa Migration and Development Programme aims to support vulnerable migrants, refugees, and host communities in North Africa to harness migration as a tool for development, to protect vulnerable people and to disincentivise onward, irregular migration.
Africa Programmes and Expertise Department Cross-Portfolio Third Party Monitoring (TPM)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To provide timely, relevant feedback on the quality of results systems, data and partner delivery that is used to drive improvements to programme delivery and reporting by implementing partners, and provide a higher level of assurance in what is delivered and achieved under the Africa Programmes and Expertise Department (APEX).
European Union Emergency Trust Fund for stability and addressing root causes of irregular migration and displaced persons in Africa
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To work through the EU Emergency Trust Fund to promote stability in three regions of Africa and enable better migration management. This will be achieved by tackling the root causes of forced displacement and irregular migration through creating job opportunities, improving food security and access to health and education services. It will work to improve regional migration management processes including fighting human trafficking and other trans-border crimes, helping people return to their countries of origin and dealing with human rights abuses. This UK contribution will support programmes in development in the Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. This project was approved before the referendum on the UK’s membership of the EU. Work is now under way to understand the implications of leaving the EU for the UK’s development work.
Zambia Social Protection Expansion Programme Phase II
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To provide small grants to vulnerable households especially those with disabled and elderly persons in order for them to have regular monthly income to take care of their basic needs
Ethiopia Crises 2 Resilience (EC2R)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Ethiopia Crises to Resilience (EC2R) programme is aimed to alleviate the impact of the conflict and drought to the poorest Ethiopians. The programme tries to address urgent humanitarian needs while maintaining the delivery of essential services across the country.
Ukraine Humanitarian Response Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
This programme supports life-saving interventions and protection for vulnerable people, including women and children, refugees and those internally displaced within Ukraine. This multi-sectoral programme supports a range of partner interventions in cash/food, medical, water and hygiene, education and shelter support, logistics, and gender-based violence, protection and anti-trafficking. This programme also provides in-kind items to partner governments, and contracts humanitarian expertise to enable an effective response and push for sufficient humanitarian access.
Kenya Integrated Refugee and Host Community Support Programme (PAMOJA)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To promote social and economic integration between approximately 400,000 refugees and 50,000 people living in host communities in Kenya by supporting the provision of basic humanitarian assistance and livelihood.
Tackling Maternal and Child Undernutrition Programme- Phase II
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To contribute towards improved health and nutrition status for children under two years measured primarily by a reduction in stunting by 2023.
Work in Freedom 2 (Tackling modern slavery and human trafficking)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To reduce vunerabilility to trafficking and forced labour of women and girls across migration pathways leading to the care sector and textiles, clothing, leather and footwear industries of South Asia and the Arab States. At least 350,000 women and girls will be reached at source and destination in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Oman, Bahrain, Lebanon and Jordan.
Mozambique Humanitarian Response Programme 2022-2027
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To provide lifesaving assistance to people in Mozambique affected by conflict and by climate disasters. MHRP is based on evidence of need and gaps across the humanitarian sector. It will reach 350,000 people with interventions in food security, nutrition, and protection. Additionally, MHRP will reach 100,000 people each year with prepositioning of emergency stocks to respond to climatic events.
Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience Programme ( HARP)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
In line with the G7 Famine Prevention Compact, Nigeria’s Humanitarian and Resilience Programme (HARP) will provide life-saving support to the most vulnerable and strengthen resilience, opening pathways to livelihoods. HARP will enhance overall effectiveness of the UN-led humanitarian response, including a focus on building Nigerian ownership.
Building Peace and Security in Iraq (BPSI)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
This programme builds upon the UK’s previous humanitarian support in Iraq, whilst taking a new approach to programming and advocacy. At the local level, BPSI will support up to five local communities in the conflict-affected governorates of Ninewa, Anbar, Salah al-Din, Diyala, and Kirkuk. A consortium of Iraqi NGOs and the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) will address specific barriers preventing IDPs from reintegrating, such as housing, civil documentation, services and community grievances. Third Party Monitoring (TPM) will provide additional oversight and assurance. BPSI will support annually approximately 15,000 IDPs with documentation, legal assistance and services; 20 community rehabilitation projects to improve local infrastructure; and 10 social cohesion and peacebuilding activities to improve host community acceptance of IDPs. A focus will be given to supporting female headed IDP households.
Better Regional Migration Management
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To maximise the socio economic benefits of regular migration in East Africa through improved migration management and to better understand the impact of regular migration on countries of origin.
Building sustainable anti-corruption action in Tanzania (BSAAT)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To reduce the role of corruption as a barrier to poverty reduction in Tanzania by improving the capacity and coordination of the criminal justice system in corruption cases, improving integrity and governance in the private sector, and influencing social change through research and media.
Support to Social Protection Programme 2 (SSPP2)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To support the Government of Mozambique to develop a bigger, better and more shock responsive social protection system. SSPP2 will help poor and vulnerable people meet their basic needs and cope better with crises through social protection. It will expand the Government of Mozambique’s social protection programmes to deliver more cash transfers to the most vulnerable. It will provide technical assistance to improve social protection programme delivery and value for money, making government programmes more efficient, effective and equitable. It will develop government capacity to respond to crises quickly and effectively through the national social protection system. The programme will leverage additional donor and government resources of about £70m per year. Ultimately, SSPP2 will support the creation of a sustainable, nationally owned system to redistribute revenues from gas that Mozambique is expected to start earning in the next decade.
Delivering Accelerated Family Planning in Pakistan (DAFPAK)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To increase access in Pakistan to qualtiy family planning information and services by those who would like to use it, particualrly underserved groups such as rural women. It will directly contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being, as well as to the FP2020 target of reaching additional users of family planning.
The UK’s contribution to the Facility for Refugees in Turkey, FRIT 2
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The Facility will help people who have fled the conflict in Syria and now live in Turkey. Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world, including 3.6 million Syrians. Support will include humanitarian assistance, education, healthcare and employment support. Helping refugees and host communities in the region makes an important contribution to addressing the European refugee crisis. All decisions on programme funding are in line with the UK Aid Strategy.
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