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Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forced displacement: IHL vulnerabilities, ICC possibilities
DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY
This project seeks to better understand the humanitarian impact of continued forcible transfer of the Bedouin communities living in E1, Jerusalem, and how impunity for violations of international law contributes to the deterioration of humanitarian vulnerabilities. Through qualitative enquiry, combining desk based research and first hand semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, the project will gather together a significant body of evidence to highlight to ongoing deleterious impact of repeated violations of IHL (and impunity for violations) on those living at the sharp edge of the situation in Israel-Palestine, namely the Bedouin communities of E1. In their 2017 report, Humanitarian Facts and Figures: Occupied Palestinian Territory, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted that forced displacement is listed as one of the four key drivers of humanitarian vulnerability. The report highlighted that, "between 2009 and 2016, Israeli authorities demolished or seized over 4,800 Palestinian-owned structures in the West Bank, mostly in Area C and East Jerusalem". It further indicated that "46 Palestinian Bedouin communities in the central West Bank, home to some 8,000 Palestinians, the majority registered Palestine refugees, have been targeted by the Israeli authorities for "relocation" to a number of designated sites". The expansion of Israeli settlements, considered illegal and condemned as a "flagrant violation under international law" by UN Security Council resolution 2334 of 2016, has been a driver for confiscation of Palestinian private and public land, demolition of homes (including Bedouin shacks) and repeated displacement of Palestinian civilians. The confiscation and demolition of property in Bedouin villages, and the ensuing forcible transfer/relocation of these vulnerable communities, is recognised as a violation of IHL and human rights by the UN, EU and other international actors. Forced displacement of civilians in an occupied territory is also considered a crime under International Criminal Law. The planned expansion of the 'Ma'ale Adumim' settlement block east of Jerusalem is exacerbating the humanitarian vulnerabilities of the Bedouin and herder communities in the E1 area. Bedouin communities such as those residing in Abu Al-Nuwwar, Wadi Abu Hindi, Al Khan Al-Ahmar, Jabal Al-Baba and Sath Al Bahar are at the front line of defence for resisting Israeli settlement expansion, thus ensuring Palestinian access to Jerusalem. This scenario does not just affect individual Bedouin villages at risk of demolition and transfer, but carries grave implications for the broader Israeli-Palestinian situation. Thus, Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forcible transfer have, unintentionally, become key players in the regional context, whilst simultaneously facing unique humanitarian vulnerabilities that must be better understood. A number of Israeli policies and practices in those areas, including a restrictive permit and planning regime, demolitions and threats of demolitions of property and the active promotion of relocation plans all contribute to the coercive environment, "which generates pressure on Palestinians to leave their communities". In the Israeli-Palestinian context, impunity for violations of international law, including IHL, has been recognised as a "driver of conflict". In espousing the benefits of holding violators of IHL to account, it has been noted that, "effective accountability not only ensures that perpetrators are brought to justice, but also ensures that victims have access to remedies and serves to deter future violations and to try to repair the harm suffered." As such, it is vital to understand the impact of violations of IHL on the Bedouin and herder communities in Palestine, and engage with the ICC's work. This project will work fill this gap, and produce an edited book and policy report.
Modern Slavery - Supporting Global Action to End Modern Slavery
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To develop new approaches to tackle modern slavery and human trafficking across a range of sectors in high prevalence countries. This programme focuses on thematic priorities of eradicating forced labour in supply chains, tackling the worst forms of child labour, and ending the exploitation of women and girls, and it will support and empower survivors of modern slavery across all these priorities. The programme supports bilateral programmes in high prevalence countries and contributes to multilateral organisations on global policy and advocacy work. The programme will also develop research and evidence on different forms of modern slavery to inform future interventions. This programme contributes toward SDG 8.7 to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour.
Jordan Compact Economic Opportunities Programme
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To promote economic development and opportunities in Jordan for the benefit of both Jordanians and Syrian refugees. This programme will attract new inward investment and open up economic markets for Jordanian goods and services, creating new jobs for Jordanians and Syrian refugees as set out in the Jordan Compact. The programme will also help Jordanian hosts maintain their resilience and economic stability.
Building Resilience and an Effective Emergency Refugee Response (BRAER)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
The programme will provide emergency life-saving assistance to the large influxes of refugees arriving in Uganda, build resilience among refugees and their host communities to reduce Uganda’s humanitarian burden, and deliver on UK Humanitarian Reform priorities. It will support the UK in its leadership role to develop new approaches to protracted crises and in delivering on the New York Declaration’s Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, with regional and global impact.
Tackling Maternal and Child Undernutrition Programme- Phase II
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To contribute towards improved health and nutrition status for children under two years measured primarily by a reduction in stunting by 2023.
Building sustainable anti-corruption action in Tanzania (BSAAT)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To reduce the role of corruption as a barrier to poverty reduction in Tanzania by improving the capacity and coordination of the criminal justice system in corruption cases, improving integrity and governance in the private sector, and influencing social change through research and media.
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)
Zambia Social Protection Expansion Programme Phase II
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To provide small grants to vulnerable households especially those with disabled and elderly persons in order for them to have regular monthly income to take care of their basic needs
European Union Emergency Trust Fund for stability and addressing root causes of irregular migration and displaced persons in Africa
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To work through the EU Emergency Trust Fund to promote stability in three regions of Africa and enable better migration management. This will be achieved by tackling the root causes of forced displacement and irregular migration through creating job opportunities, improving food security and access to health and education services. It will work to improve regional migration management processes including fighting human trafficking and other trans-border crimes, helping people return to their countries of origin and dealing with human rights abuses. This UK contribution will support programmes in development in the Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. This project was approved before the referendum on the UK’s membership of the EU. Work is now under way to understand the implications of leaving the EU for the UK’s development work.
Kenya Integrated Refugee and Host Community Support Programme (PAMOJA)
UK - Foreign, Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO)
To promote social and economic integration between approximately 400,000 refugees and 50,000 people living in host communities in Kenya by supporting the provision of basic humanitarian assistance and livelihood.
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