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Department of Science, Innovation and Technology
ESRC Delivery costs of ISPF ODA eligible activities
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Operational costs occured at ESRC associated with hosting and/or managing ODA ISPF programmes
Expanding syphilis screening among pregnant women in Indonesia using the rapid dual test for syphilis & HIV with capacity building: The DUALIS Study
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of syphilis, or congenital syphilis, is the second leading cause of preventable stillbirth globally, preceded only by malaria. While significant progress has been made over the past decade in preventing MTCT of HIV, the same cannot be said for syphilis. In 2016, there were more than half a million (about 661,000) cases of congenital syphilis, resulting in over 200,000 stillbirths and neonatal deaths. It is crucial that all women are provided with early syphilis screening and treatment as part of high-quality antenatal care (ANC). Transmission of HIV and syphilis to newborns is essentially preventable through the use of affordable and reliable rapid tests to support early diagnosis and treatment in pregnancy. A single rapid test for syphilis was added to Indonesia's MTCT HIV programme in 2013. While the level of HIV testing in pregnancy has been gradually rising since that time from 2% to 27%, testing for syphilis has barely shifted from 0.45% to 0.9%. Based on an estimated syphilis prevalence rate of 1.2%, it is predicted that 10,169 stillbirth cases could potentially be averted by increasing the coverage of antenatal syphilis screening in Indonesia. The dual test for HIV/syphilis point-of-care testing for pregnant women has been shown to be an effective and cost-saving tool for accelerating syphilis testing uptake in several low- and middle-income countries. It was approved for use in Indonesia in 2019 but is yet to be implemented. This is in part due to the low political priority given to syphilis compared with HIV, low levels of investment by the government and donors, and a paucity of evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the dual test in routine care in Indonesia. For this study, we have partnered with the Indonesian Ministry of Health, WHO Indonesia, and a community NGO to evaluate the impact of the dual test with supporting elements (including capacity building the areas of screening procedures, inventory management, staff and patient engagement, data management and referrals, standard operating procedures, procurement and supply) in 4 districts of Indonesia. This cluster-randomised trial will be the first in Southeast Asia to assess the effectiveness, acceptability, cost-effectiveness, and affordability of the dual test for HIV and syphilis in routine ANC services. This intervention has the potential to contribute significantly to improved maternal and child health in Indonesia while building health system capacity to strengthen the prevention, detection, and treatment of syphilis.
Integrating and scaling seasonal climate-driven dengue forecasting
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Outbreaks of climate sensitive diseases present a major growing threat to human health, but they are predictable and maybe even preventable. The mosquito transmitted disease dengue is one of the fastest growing global infectious diseases and now causes over 400 million annual cases globally. Dengue is becoming the primary acute infectious disease threat in countries such as Vietnam and Malaysia. Between 2017 and 2019, Vietnam averaged over 200,000 cases every year and in Malaysia dengue fever has the highest incidence rate among any other communicable disease (398 cases per 100,000). Dengue outbreaks are preventable with existing interventions, but only if they are used in the right places at the right times. The ability to forecast disease outbreaks months in advance can reduce the burden on health services. This is important in resource-constrained Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) where they can make the difference between an effective and efficient proactive response compared to a costly and often unsuccessful reactive response. We aim to demonstrate the value of disease forecasting via a local level dengue forecasting system in Vietnam and Malaysia, which will pave the way for scale up of dengue forecasting and other digital health solutions for climate sensitive diseases. We have developed the necessary disease forecasting techniques as part of the Dengue forecasting MOdel Satellite-based System (D-MOSS) project. Although this system has been operational since July 2019 in Vietnam and July 2020 in Malaysia, more work is needed to bridge the implementation gap to ensure forecasts have direct actionable and measurable impacts on preventing outbreaks at a local level. Further research is required to establish if the forecasting techniques already in operation are capable of producing accurate forecasts at the required spatial and temporal resolutions, tailored to the practices applied by specific sectors of the health system. We will test this by co-developing new forecasts that provide advance predictions in Vietnam and Malaysia. Through a series of longitudinal workshops we will develop risk assessment protocols that link forecasts to outbreak prevention activities at different sectors of the Vietnamese and Malaysian health systems. These knowledge gaps will be addressed by a multidisciplinary team of dengue experts, modellers, public health experts, software engineers and early warning systems experts from multiple institutes in Vietnam, Malaysia and the UK. Training and co-design of the research is central to all aspects of our proposal and we intend to leverage the equitable partnerships established as part of the D-MOSS project to meet our aims. Cross-cutting activities will compare and contrast the operational context in these countries and enable collaboration between them with the goal of deriving generalisable principles and specific guidelines for expansion to other countries. This research will demonstrate clear health value against dengue and other Aedes mosquito-borne diseases (e.g. chikungunya, Zika) in Vietnam and Malaysia, and a plan for how the intervention will be scaled up to other LMICs currently struggling to address the growing threat of dengue and other climate-sensitive diseases. In the longer term, this project will provide evidence on the value of forecasting to health systems for a wide range of health conditions.
EPSRC Delivery costs of ISPF ODA eligible activities
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Operational costs occured at EPSRC associated with hosting and/or managing ODA ISPF programmes
BBSRC ISPF delivery costs of ODA eligible activities
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Operational costs occured at BBSRC associated with hosting and/or managing ODA ISPF programmes
Cumulative costs of the delivery of ODA-eligible activities developed and realised for Global Challenges Research Fund
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The activities developed for the Global Challenges Research Fund and approved as promoting the overall ODA commitment of HMG, have been delivered by the appropriate BBSRC teams (including the Research and Innovation Funding Delivery Team sitting within the Capability & Innovation Domain). During the delivery stage, the plan set out in the commissioning stage is implemented, subject to any changes required as part of the commissioning process. The responsible teams support our external communications, call documentation, peer review/panel processes, and funding decisions cross a broad range of strategic and responsive funding mechanisms, and have been instrumental for the success of the Global Challenges Research Fund activities.
Halophyte-based Energy & Agro-ecological Transitioning (HEAT)
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The Halophyte-based Energy & Agro-ecological Transitioning (HEAT) Project seeks to commercialise halophytic agro-ecological approaches and bio-energy technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa by introducing saltwater-irrigated biomass production in degraded soils for localised transitions to clean energy and land regeneration. Targeting both bio-energy production and carbon sequestration, the project will test a combined integrated production and processing model in tandem with a service-based business model with existing partners and investors with the aims of operationalising/commercialising the results by the end of the project timeline. The project will be undertaken in Ghana and Namibia with a range of partners from the UK, EU, and African registered entities with a track record of working together in various global geographies. With a strong focus on socio-economic development for rural communities, gender inclusivity, and safe access to clean energy, HEAT expects to exploit the results of the 24-month project for the long-term benefit of communities and existing consortia in the three focus regions of West Africa, South-West Africa, and South Asia.
Tsiino Hiiwiida: Unveiling multiple dimensions of plant and fungal biodiversity of the Upper Rio Negro
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The project “Tsiino Hiiwiida: Unveiling multiple dimensions of the plant and fungal biodiversity in the Upper Rio Negro” addresses a critical gap in knowledge of the plant and fungal diversity in one of the least explored regions of the Amazon Basin, the Cabeça de Cachorro (or Tsiino Hiiwiida in the indigenous language of the Baniwa people) of Brazil. In the face of increasing anthropogenic change in the area due to mining and deforestation, conservation efforts are impeded by lack of knowledge of key components that maintain ecosystem integrity. In a region that has been significantly less explored than the rest of Brazil, Cabeça de Cachorro is a critical gap for effective conservation and sustainable development. Among the outcomes of the project that will directly benefit Brazil are 1) creation of a network of scientists, students, parataxonomists and indigenous people with common purpose to understand and document diversity, 2) discovery and description of hitherto undocumented plant and fungal diversity in a global hotspot, 3) new insights into the evolution of Amazonian biodiversity that will directly aid conservation, 4) locally relevant tools for future monitoring of local diversity by local people and 5) improvement of higher level and academic training for people based in the Amazonian region. The project Tsiino Hiiwiida will specifically address the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 4 (quality education), 10 (reduce inequalities), 13 (climate action), and 15 (life on land). Involvement of local communities in both the research and the production of research products will engender lifelong learning and contribute to the levelling up of the Amazon within Brazilian society (4, 10). Building better knowledge of plant and fungal diversity contributes directly to Goals 13 and 15. The complete taxonomically verified catalogue of plant and fungal diversity of the focal area, coupled with capacity building and co-designed tools for further documentation of plant and fungal diversity will empower Brazilian scientists and local peoples. Novel methods for exploration, monitoring and describing the diversity of this rich area will create a collaborative traditional and western scientific knowledge system to truly understand and protect the biodiversity of this culturally rich region of the Brazilian Amazon.
(UKRI-Brazil) Participatory monitoring of traditional territories: digital platform for co-production of data on sociobiodiversity in Amazonian areas
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
This proposal seeks to develop a mobile, digital platform that records and catalogs socio-biodiversity through the co-creation of local, traditional and indigenous knowledge(s). Carried out in 9 communities within 3 states in the Legal Amazon: Pará, Amazonas and Maranhão, researchers will cooperate with traditional Amazonian communities with aim of developing an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system to develop an inventory of traditional knoweldges with the biodiversity of traditional territories. The co-creation strategy associated with the digital platform will enable these traditional knowledges associated with biodiversity to be better integrated with more normative Scientific ecological (i.e. socio-biodiversity) data. The main objective of the proposed project is for this digital tool to record and scientifically validate traditional practices and knowledge of biodiversity and relate them to globally available scientific databases, whilst enabling communities to maintain epistemic control over their knowledges and consequently territories. The records made by traditional peoples and communities will be collated with information from the collections of the Brazilian Biodiversity Information System (SiBBR) – an online platform that integrates data and information about biodiversity and ecosystems from different sources, making them accessible for different uses (SIBBR, 2024). The co-creation strategy will also allow the platform to be regularly updated by traditional communities, and thus to become a tool for monitoring biodiversity in their territories. The platform will also consist of a tool-kit that can be used resolve conflicts between these communities (and similarly positioned social groups) and market-based actors that enter traditional territories to extract, profit and otherwise exploit from their rich biodiversity. The recognition and validation of such traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in these Amazonian territories is crucial for the development of institutional strategies that enable the continuity of conservation practices of traditional peoples and communities, thus ensuring compliance with the provisions of Article 8 of the Biodiversity Convention – specifically that pertaining to legal disputes between market-agents and traditional Amazonian peoples and communities. KEY WORDS Amazônia; traditional populations; traditional knowledge; biodiversity; monitoring platforms
Amazonian BioTechQuilombo - Amazonian Biodiversity, Technology Assessment and Knowledge Exchange with Quilombos
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Our research project stands at the forefront of integrating traditional Quilombola knowledge with cutting-edge scientific methodologies to address critical biodiversity challenges in Brazil's Amazon region. This collaborative effort aims to not only meet but exceed the Official Development Assistance (ODA) requirements of the funding opportunity, embodying a holistic approach that recognizes and values the diverse ways of knowing. Our aim is to diagnose and analyse biodiversity data gaps by integrating traditional Quilombola community knowledge and technologies in various conservation areas of the Amazon. These communities, rooted in their specific relationships to land, territory, ancestry, traditions, and cultural practices, provide invaluable insights into the preservation of natural ecosystems and their resilience to environmental challenges such as deforestation, land use expansion, and climate change. Brazil is the primary beneficiary of our research activities, given the critical importance of the Amazon region in global biodiversity and environmental sustainability. The encroachment of deforestation into various Quilombolas territories serves as compelling evidence of the urgent need to integrate their traditional knowledge with state-of-the-art technologies to address biodiversity loss and promote sustainable practices. Our project combines traditional Quilombola knowledge with advanced technologies such as environmental DNA (eDNA), remote sensing, and artificial intelligence (AI) to comprehensively record biota and characterise landscapes. By engaging Quilombola communities as active partners in the research process, we ensure the effectiveness and cultural relevance of our conservation efforts. Our methodology leverages the convergence of these advanced technologies to map and understand biodiversity across numerous taxa, including mammals, aquatic fauna, birds, and trees. This integration of diverse methodologies not only ensures an internationally excellent standard of research but also fosters collaborations and knowledge exchange among diverse communities. We have identified clear pathways to impact that prioritise community participatory-based biodiversity assessment within Quilombola territories and adjacent areas. By co-developing and validating automated frameworks for biodiversity assessment and monitoring with Quilombola communities, we empower them to actively participate in research and conservation efforts, thereby promoting a participatory and inclusive approach to sustainable development. The expected impact of this biodiversity monitoring framework will be to inform conservation policies and sustainable management. In summary, our project embodies a transformative vision that celebrates the convergence of different epistemologies, leading to new insights and solutions to the environmental challenges facing Brazil and the global community. Through collaborative partnerships and innovative methodologies, we aim to combine scientific methods with traditional knowledge to strengthen the role of traditional Quilombola communities in biodiversity conservation and make an important contribution to the preservation of Brazil's invaluable natural heritage.
Voices of Indigenous Amazonia: historical processes of sociobiodiversity in the face of the challenges of the Anthropocene
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The Voices of Indigenous Amazonia project proposes to study Amazonian biodiversity and its long-term interactions with Indigenous peoples in three regions characterized by complex sociocultural systems: the Upper Negro Indigenous Territory (Amazonas state); the Xingu Indigenous Territory (Matto Grosso state); and the Kayapó Indigenous Territory (Pará state). These territories stand out for their varied and complex ethnic, historical, and socio-environmental configurations, which include ethnobiological knowledge that is specific to each region. In this project we propose to combine human and biological sciences with Indigenous knowledge to increase our efficiency in producing knowledge about Amazonia. We propose to document biodiversity and its relationship with knowledge and sociocultural practices of present and past Indigenous peoples through: 1) biological inventories of species little known to Western science; 2) characterizing Indigenous landscapes through participatory mapping and remote sensing; 3) fostering exchanges of biodiversity-related knowledge between scientific and Indigenous knowledge; 4) recording long-term anthropogenic changes in vegetation, fauna, and soils ; and 5) collaboratively producing relevant ethnographic, linguistic, and sociocultural documentation. Supported by multifaceted biological studies (descriptions of new species, taxonomic revisions, morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, distribution modelling and species richness) integrated with studies of traditional Indigenous knowledge, including its role in the domestication of plants and landscapes, as well as studies of millennia-old environmental management technologies within different Indigenous territories, the project will enable large-scale analyses of biological and sociocultural diversity while mitigating existing taxonomic gaps in poorly sampled yet well-preserved regions of Brazilian Legal Amazonia. At a broader level, the project will produce relevant contributions to tackle the current climate emergency and socio-environmental challenges of the Anthropocene, which compromises forests, resources, and the continuity of the lifeways of our partners, Indigenous peoples of Amazonia.
Brazil-UKRI: The recovery of the adaptive capacity of Pre-Columbian tree crops to environmental changes
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Multiple large-scale forest restoration strategies are emerging globally to counteract ecosystems degradation and biodiversity loss. However, these strategies often remain insufficient to offset the loss caused by anthropogenic development. At least two reasons could explain this incomplete performance: i) we ignore how human disturbance affects species genetic variability and their potential to evolve and adapt to the ongoing global changes; ii) there is a major gap in the knowledge about long-term (>100 years) ecosystem dynamics after human disturbance ends. In this project, we propose to investigate the adaptative potential of the Brazil nut and other Amazonian tree crops associated with Brazil nut areas, after anthropic disturbance cessation. We will sample plant leaf and cambium tissue and roots on Pre-Columbian archaeological sites, today known as Terras Pretas Amazônicas (TPA), where the descendants of ancient Brazilian nut trees still grow today. With selected TPA sites sequentially abandoned that have never been reoccupied, we will build a 2,000-year chronosequence. This chronosequence will allow us understand how the Brazilian nut trees and associated Amazonian tree crops recover their adaptive potential after they are released from domestication after Pre-Columbian peoples sequentially abandoned their lands to finally collapse around the XV century with the Spanish invasion. Our team that includes experts in forest restoration, domestication, and genomics will explore changes in the whole genome of the Brazilian nut tree and associated tree crops, as well as its associated soil microbiome, along the chronosequence. The results will help find genomes with increased genetic variability and thus adaptive potential, by identifying specific functions related to an enhanced adaptive potential. Propagules from individuals with these functions can then be used in tropical forest restoration, and agriculture, increasing the resilience and resistance of forests to ongoing global changes.
DARA Development in Africa with Radio Astronomy Phase 3
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
This proposal is to continue, deepen and expand the Development in Africa with Radio Astronomy (DARA) project. DARA is a human capital development programme with the principal aim to develop high tech skills in radio astronomy in the eight developing African countries that partner with South Africa in the hosting of the mid-frequency telescope of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). The first two phases utilized the Newton Fund and delivered a basic training to over 300 young people as well as Masters and PhD level training. This proposal is once again a bilateral UK-SA project bidding for Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding as part of the Tomorrow's Talent strand of the new International Science Partnership Fund (ISPF). In this new phase we will extend the HCD pipeline to establish postdoctoral fellows in African partner institutions for the first time. The aim is to complete the establishment of radio astronomy research groups in each partner country so that their citizens can fully engage with the SKA project. We will also continue the basic and Masters level training programme. This third phase will also encompass elements of the DARA Big Data sister project to deepen the training in machine learning techniques required to analyse SKA data and embed synergies with Earth Observation data. We will also continue and expand our partnership with the space sector to showcase how the skills of radio astronomy can be utilized to address development challenges in Africa. The industrial partners also bring entrepreneurship and business start-up experience. Overall, the DARA project addresses the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of increasing high tech skills, research activity and international cooperation.
Characterization of high-energy neutron beams at iThemba LABS for use in irradiation of electronics
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The project aims to characterize high-energy quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams at iThemba LABS for applications in irradiation testing of electronics. High-energy neutron facilities are crucial for testing the effects of atmospheric radiation, induced by cosmic rays, on electronics. The increasing need of reliable electronics is today coming from many growing sectors, like vehicle electrification, automation, and internet infrastructure. The project will evaluate neutron fluxes, spectra, and beam uniformity at energies from 50 to 200 MeV. A variety of neutron techniques, that have been developed and used at the ISIS neutron source of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, will be deployed to perform a complete characterization and a cross-calibration with the ChipIR beamline. Silicon and diamond detectors will be used for their well-known neutron energy response combined with fast signals that allow for time of flight measurements. Activation foils will measure neutron flux and energy distribution with direct reference to nuclear cross sections. SRAM-based detectors will monitor Single Event Upsets to measure neutron flux and beam profiles, aiding cross-calibration with existing facilities like ChipIR at ISIS. This comprehensive approach ensures robust testing and confidence for using these beams for microelectronics testing application. The research teams at ISIS and iThemba LABS have a proven track-record in neutron measurements and instrumentation development as well as operation of fast neutron user facilities. Each team is led by an internationally recognised expert. The total project budget of £ 211k consists of STFC staff time, equipment, calibration at a third reference facility and travel&subsistence. The equipment cost includes silicon and diamond detectors, activation foils, electronics and SRAM based monitors. South Africa is the country that will directly benefit from this Official Development Assistance (ODA) project. A desired outcome of this project is to expand the international user base of the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams at iThemba LABS for applications in irradiation testing of electronics. On top of being an international centre of excellence, the particle accelerators operated by iThemba LABS can make a huge contribution towards improving the quality of the lives of South African citizens. As an example of direct societal and regional benefit, iThemba LABS uses accelerated proton beams to facilitate the production of radiopharmaceuticals. These radioisotopes are used amongst others for PET imaging of neuroendocrine tumours, prostate cancer and positron annihilation studies. iThemba LABS in general contributes towards developing a cohort of future researchers in nuclear measurements, instrumentation, and related applications.
Digital Advances for Nuclear Science and Applications
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Radiation detection has a wide range of applications in fields such as medical, environmental monitoring and security. However, compact, high-performing commercial systems can be prohibitively expensive and often require specialised expertise and support to operate and maintain, making them inaccessible to many developing countries. A significant portion of the cost is attributed to the data acquisition and analysis components of these devices. For some commercially available software, specialised training workshops and long-term support is required, further escalating costs and limiting accessibility to these systems. To address these challenges, our project aims to develop a scalable, low-power, low-cost and lightweight, streaming digitiser. This digitiser will interface with detectors (both new and existing), digitise the input and stream it to low-power single-board computers. We will also develop pulse shape analysis software to extract information from the detector signals, provide real-time data monitoring and store data for subsequent analysis. When combined with small-volume scintillator detectors, this complete detection system will offer an affordable alternative to existing commercial products. The control and user interface will be deigned for access through WiFi or other lightweight and portable protocols. Due to its light weight and portable design, our system will be ideal for field applications, such as radiation mapping and source identification (for example, mapping of uranium mines). Its scalability and low cost also make it suitable for use in Compton cameras and ion therapy (for example, to monitor or identify the origin of observed γ rays in therapy or security scenarios).
Optical diagnostics system for ion sources
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ISIS Neutron and Muon Source (UK) and iThemba LABS (South Africa) will collaborate on the development of optical diagnostics systems for ion sources. Optical diagnostics will be used to improve ion source availability for accelerators and their applications. The diagnostics system will guide decisions on adjustments of the ion source control parameters and provide information for the technological development of ion sources at iThemba LABS. The time-resolved optical diagnostics system will be first developed and tested in the UK using existing ion source test facilities at ISIS. The system will then be deployed in South Africa. The main features of the optical diagnostics system are good time-resolution, wavelength selectivity, capability for simultaneous monitoring of several emission bands and ease-of-use. The setup is based on bandpass filters providing selectivity and silicon photomultiplier detectors providing high-sensitivity and good temporal resolution. The proposed work builds on pioneering development of optical diagnostics at ISIS. The ISIS Low Energy Beams Group (LEBG) have used time-resolved optical diagnostics to study the plasmas of the ISIS Penning and prototype RF ion sources, and for the detection of beam-induced light emission to study the space charge compensation in the low energy beam transport. We will utilise the ion source and low energy beam transport test facilities at ISIS for further prototyping of the diagnostics tool developed for iThemba LABS, which makes the approach efficient and mitigates the risk related to the prototyping stage. The risk related to technology transfer is minimised by arranging a training period for iThemba LABS staff at ISIS where they are trained to use the prototype diagnostics device for monitoring a real ion source and to carry out the data analysis. The research teams at ISIS and iThemba LABS have a proven track-record in ion source and plasma diagnostics development as well as operation of ion sources at accelerator-based user facilities. Each team is led by an internationally recognised expert. The project budget consists of STFC staff time, equipment and travel & subsistence. The equipment cost includes vacuum components, optical fibres, optical components, spectrometers, silicon photomultiplier diodes, pre-amplifier components, power supplies, oscilloscopes and data acquisition computers. Several experimental campaigns attended by researchers from each laboratory will be conducted during the project. The country that will directly benefit from this Official Development Assistance (ODA) project is South Africa. The particle accelerators operated by iThemba LABS can make a huge contribution towards improving the quality of the lives of South African citizens. As an example of direct societal and regional benefit, iThemba LABS uses accelerated proton beams to facilitate the production of radiopharmaceuticals. These radioisotopes are used amongst others for PET imaging of neuroendocrine tumours, prostate cancer and positron annihilation studies. Some of these radioisotopes are used for cardiac and neurological applications and these are produced solely for local clients due to the half-life of the isotopes. iThemba LABS in general contributes towards developing a sufficiently trained cohort of future researchers. The charged particle beams of all these applications are delivered by the ion sources operated by iThemba LABS. The proposed technology transfer of the optical diagnostics system is foreseen to improve the usability and reliability of the ion sources, resulting in better utilisation of the accelerator facilities addressing these development goals and challenges.
South Africa Biome Mapping with UAVs and Satellite Measurements
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
South Africa is a water-scarce country, which experiences highly variable rainfall as well as high evaporative rates resulting in an average of only 9% of rainfall being translated into streamflow. These characteristics have led to a system where water resources are strongly intertwined with the land cover and land use, and thereby the energy and carbon fluxes. The proposed study area is part of the Northern Drakensberg Strategic Water Source Area (SWSA) in the upper uThukela catchment. The study area, includes a vast tract of the protected, near pristine UNESCO World Heritage Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park which falls under the management of Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), contrasted with the heavily engineered Thukela-Vaal Pump storage scheme and impoverished communities with no access to water. The complex terrain and high levels of biodiversity endemism make the landscape sensitive to global change. There is a heavy dependence on the ecosystem services this landscape provides at national, regional and local scales with the livelihoods of the local population closely linked to the natural resources and ecosystem integrity. High soil-carbon stocks and the catchments' substantive contribution to the country's water resources, coupled with trends in land transformation impacting on these ecosystem functions provide a development context of national significance in which to understand global change impacts on ecosystem functioning along a river course from point and plot scale to cumulative downstream impacts. To optimally manage the landscape, as well as identify intervention and restoration activities, fine-scale observations over the relatively large area are required. Being in a developing country, as well as a rural area with complex topography means that fine-scale, field-based observation data are scarce, and is limited to a small research area in the headwater catchments in the protected grassland area (approximately 8 km2 out of a larger area of approx 5000 km2) and a new established site lower in the landscape in a conservation area. Land cover outside the protected areas varies from commercial agricultural cropping and rangelands, to heavily degraded rural village areas. Remotely sensed satellite based information is often inaccurate in areas of rugged, mountainous terrain such as this. The overarching objective of this project, would be to develop and validate fine scale datasets for the selected areas in the Northern Drakensberg for use in land and water management and modelling applications. These datasets are critical for upscaling ongoing in-situ observations across the broader landscape, in order to reduce spatio-temporal uncertainty around the influence of global change on ecosystem biodiversity and functional assets. This would be achieved through the joint expertise of STFC RAL Space in earth observation and SAEON in field based monitoring in combination with their local knowledge The aims and objectives are Design and build a drone-based HyperSpectral Imager (HSI) platform for use in the field in the Northern Drakensberg, South Africa. Perform fine-scale vegetation, land, evapotranspiration and soil water content mapping using drone technology and hyperspectral, thermal and LIDAR at a seasonal temporal resolution. Complement in-situ monitoring with land-based sensors and satellite imagery for tracking seasonal and longer-term shifts in vegetation phenology. Validate the fine-scale data products from the drone and satellite imagery using existing field-based data. Build capacity through knowledge exchange and sharing of procedures and best practice.
Target making skills transfer
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Thin film targets and foils are required for low-energy nuclear physics experiments in nuclear structure, nuclear reactions and nuclear astrophysics. In order to meet current demands of NP physicists engaged in experiments around the world, a large variety of targets are required from isotopes throughout the periodic table. Worldwide expertise in target preparation is becoming rare. In Europe, only a small number of target making laboratories remains. They produce targets for free to their own national users but usually charge the other users. In the USA, Argonne national laboratory has also a target making facility, but again mostly for local use. The target preparation laboratory (TPL) at Daresbury Laboratory provides this service to the UK NP community and it is the only facility of its kind available in the UK. The aim of the proposed work is to develop this expertise at the iThemba Laboratory (iTL) in South Africa and create a close UK-South Africa collaboration in this very niche expertise area. This will be achieved by a series of visits of the Daresbury TPL by staff from iTL, to learn the skills of target productions using various techniques: vacuum deposition, electron beam gun, sputtering, rolling and chemical fabrication techniques.
UK-SA partnership on Earth Observation for Atmospheric Composition Science (UK-SA EO4ACS)
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Climate change mitigation, and air quality (AQ) improvement are two inter-related pressing global challenges for which high quality, trustable Earth Observation (EO) data are essential. Particularly, quantitative knowledge of atmospheric composition is required to understand the gases and particulates emitted into the atmosphere (processes and quantities), their fate (transport and chemistry), and their impact on the Earth system and ultimately on the present and the future health of the biosphere (including people). To that end, both for the quantification of greenhouse gases (GHG) and pollutants, complex EO systems combining satellite-borne, airborne, and ground-based instrument networks, together with models and data analytics, have been and are being developed nationally and globally. EO data of the atmosphere’s composition obtained remotely from the satellite infrastructure are inherently global. However, the quality of the satellite data sets is dependent upon a network of ground-based instruments for validation, which are overwhelmingly located in the northern hemisphere, and operated by the most industrialized countries. For example, there is no such validation site anywhere in Africa as far as GHG data are concerned. This introduces some significant geographical biases, associated to the local specificity of the land (albedo) and gas transport, affecting the global dataset quality and therefore its use for accurate monitoring and understanding of GHG- and AQ-related atmospheric processes. This is particularly detrimental to the global effort to transparently reduce GHG emission and improve AQ. The aim of the project is to establish a UK/South Africa long term collaboration towards augmenting the global EO ground-based capabilities, essential to maintaining and validating the accuracy of GHG and AQ measurements made remotely from satellites and to relate local measurements to global datasets. By leveraging the expertise of STFC RAL Space and NRF South African Environmental Observation Network, the primary objective is to establish a first validation site in South Africa with ground-based remote sensing instrumentation relevant to GHG and AQ, collect a dataset over a season, analyse the data using advanced algorithms, and demonstrate their added value to the EO and atmospheric composition sciences. In addition, a novel, machine-learning approach to use satellite observations to extend surface network measurements of pollutants across South Africa will be demonstrated. Through this seminal project, the project team intends to produce evidence in support of the establishment of a permanent ground-based reference EO validation site in an under-sampled region of the world; ultimately to be integrated into the international satellite validation networks and to contribute to addressing global environmental issues. Such an ‘EO super-site’ is ideal for capacity building, strengthening UK/South Africa collaborative links, improving both infrastructure and skills, training the next generation of EO scientists and technologists, and growing knowledge and understanding in atmospheric composition, with a relation to land GHG emission and AQ that can inform policy and possible actions.
Potential of sub-seasonal Operational Weather and climate information for building Energy Resilience in Kenya (POWER-Kenya)
DEPARTMENT FOR SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Context and Challenges Kenya Vision 2030 identifies energy as a key infrastructural enabler for social and economic development, aiming for universal energy access and 100% renewable energy by 2030. Currently, 54% of Kenyans, and up to 84% in rural areas, lack access to sustainable modern energy, relying on traditional wood fuels for cooking and heating. Kenya's energy generation is particularly sensitive to weather variability, with nearly 50% of electricity coming from weather-sensitive sources like hydro, wind, and solar power. Achieving the ambitious goal of 100% renewables requires doubling the current capacity of these weather-sensitive sources. Despite the growing reliance on renewable energy, Kenya lacks reliable weather and climate information for effective energy planning, particularly on sub-seasonal timescales (weeks to months in advance). This gap impacts crucial decisions such as generator maintenance scheduling, international market trading, water conservation, and future energy storage management. In comparison, other regions like Europe have more advanced user-relevant tools for renewable energy decision-making. Aims and Objectives POWER-Kenya seeks to bridge the gap between Kenya's increasing dependence on weather-sensitive renewable energy and the lack of reliable weather and climate information to support energy planning. The project also aims to build capacity for integrated climate-energy research in Kenya. Its objectives are: Ob1: Deliver a step-change in the underpinning physical science to support affordable, clean energy by advancing understanding of sub-seasonal predictability of weather-sensitive demand and renewables. Ob2: Build combined climate-energy research capacity to continue improvements in maintaining reliable energy supply in Africa, facilitating the creation of risk-informed tools for energy decision-making to benefit both society and the economy. Acknowledging Kenya’s continent-leading capabilities in climate and energy fields individually, the POWER-Kenya project brings together UK and African expertise in electricity demand and renewable energy modelling (Bloomfield, Oludhe, Brayshaw, Olago), with the forefront of research on sub-seasonal predictability (Hirons, Gitau, Woolnough), and expert knowledge of East African climate (Wainwright, Mutemi, Hirons) to conduct world-leading energy-climate research to support this step-change in understanding (Ob1) and build partnerships and capacity (Ob2) capable of supporting Kenya’s climate-smart shift to reliable renewables. Applications and Benefits. Universal access to affordable, clean energy helps emerging economies like Kenya progress towards their Sustainable Development Goals by building businesses and societies capable of producing and consuming sustainably for a climate-resilient future. However, access to reliable energy has societal benefits far beyond sustainable economic growth. Reliable energy access can empower women, and other marginalised groups, by improving access to services such as mobile technology, online banking, educational materials, and employment opportunities. Access to clean energy, especially for currently unconnected rural households, can enhance health outcomes by reducing reliance on traditional wood fuels, which are linked to respiratory diseases. Achieving POWER-Kenya aims to ensure Kenya's shift to clean, weather-sensitive renewables is backed by current scientific thinking and proven techniques that will help deliver the country's aim for reliable energy for all businesses and households. Beyond Kenya, POWER-Kenya outcomes will inform and support the aims of the wider Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP) - an institution that coordinates regional cross-border power trade and grid interconnection. KenGen, a key project partner and regional leader, is a utilities member of the EAPP. Through iterative dialogue with POWER-Kenya, KenGen will help co-design the research, by defining energy stress case studies, and ensure it remains solutions-orientated and maximises benefits for Kenya and the broader region.
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